Technology development has led to the creation of new e-commerce tools. By providing a fast, cost-effective and secure environment, these tools play an important role in developing e-commerce. One of these tools is called Smart contracts. study, in a legal study of American law, seeks to answer the question of how challenging the Iranian legal system is the policy of implementing general rules of contracts in process of concluding Smart contracts. answer to this question requires, in first place, to identify the nature of these contracts. Smart contracts, contracts concluded in a decentralized context with a special ceremony. Because of the specific mechanism, the policy of implementing them in legal system of Iran is primarily based on identifying intermediaries' intentions about how to obtain and accept them in the contract. In the area of intent and responsibility of the interlocutors, the Iranian legal system faces challenges of recognizing the necessity and acceptance of the interlocutors, the compliance of the rules governing these contracts with norms in the Iranian society and the conflict of laws. In the domain of transaction, the challenges associated with asset identification and validation of digital instruments that are applicable to Smart contracts, in the area of transaction legitimacy, language of concluding Smart contracts, and the nature of the available databases and artificial intelligence are among the most important challenges of the legal system. Iran can be considered. Solving these challenges requires some legislative and executive policies to describe this research.

This study aims to examine the function of blockchain technology to detect fraud in health insurance. we consider the literature on fraud in health insurance, blockchain, and Smart contracts to to test a newly structured software system based on blockchain technology for this purpose. Different blockchain platforms, consensus algorithms, and structures have been used to pick the proposed system’s best structure based on blockchain. Eventually, the best techniques to put the system to the test and evaluate the findings were assessed. we propose a standardized system, where blockchain is applied to store data and Smart contracts are used to automate insurance policies. Furthermore, a web-based application, which acts as core insurance software, is proposed for all stakeholders to communicate with the blockchain and Smart contracts. Therefore, the proposed system comprises a blockchain, web app, and standardized Smart contracts. The proposed system mainly focuses on fraud detection in insurance claims while maintaining a standard data storage and transfer structure. The system proved to be thriving once claim data can be created, read, and analyzed (i.e. fraudulent data are caught) effectively in a standard way. The web app consists of a front-end and back-end section. The front-end enables users to interact with the proposed system, and the back-end allows the insurance company to store records on the blockchain and increase the chances of detecting fraud in insurance claims, especially Digital Insurance Claims. Finally, a blockchain-based web application that can be used as core insurance software for any health insurance company is proposed.

In order to determine the timing of Smart contract formation, which is considered a type of electronic contract, the authors initially examine the viewpoint of traditional contract law. In England and the United States, the doctrine of receipt of acceptance is accepted for instantaneous transactions, while the doctrine of dispatch of acceptance is applied to non-instantaneous contracts to determine the timing of contract formation. In Iran, a unified approach has not been adopted by legal scholars, and the authors advocate for the acceptance of the doctrine of declaration of acceptance. However, regarding the timing of electronic contract formation, the legal systems of England and the United States consider the time of sending the data message as the moment of contract formation, while the Iranian legal system, we claim, relies on the time of signing the acceptance letter as the criterion for contract formation. Various assumptions can be conceived regarding the timing of Smart contract formation, and the authors argue that legal systems adhering to the theory of receipt of acceptance should rely on "receipt of the message containing acceptance of the Smart contract," while legal systems favoring the theory of dispatch of acceptance should consider the "time of signing the contract with a private key by the acceptor" as the criterion for determining the timing of Smart contract formation.

Blockchain-based Smart sales contract, is an electronic and irreversible agreement between buyer and seller, which is concluded on a blockchain basis accourding to certain conditions with the elimination of intermediaries based on trust, security and transparency and is implemented automatically. Using the systematic review approach, the background is studied. In the present study, in order to identify the factors affecting the Smart sales contract, 40 related articles in the period 2018 to 2021 in Persian and English were reviewed. The text of the articles were coded and analyzed using grounded theory approach in Max Kioda software 20. According to the research results, some of the most important causal factors influencing blockchain-based Smart contracting are: electronic trust, intelligent digital support, blockchain, process robotics automation, knowledge Smartening, digital process automation, intelligent communication, service level agreement, IoT, value network and value creation, website quality, advanced information analysis and finally the cloud computing strategy.

Today, we are witnessing the increasing growth of financial technologies in the insurance industry. Undoubtedly, Smart contracts can be considered one of the most important financial technologies. A limited number of researchers in the insurance industry have investigated the effect of the introduction of Smart contracts on the performance of this industry,But what should be emphasized in the meantime is that when faced with any new and unknown phenomenon such as the Internet in previous years, the necessities, requirements and effects of using that technology should be fully investigated. The present study tries to evaluate the various aspects of the implementation of Smart contracts in the insurance industry, to calculate its effects on the insurance processes in the insurance industry, and to determine the best type of design and use of this contract in the insurance industry, in order to accelerate and facilitate the insurance processes. introduce the benefit of the insurer and the insured,In the present research, firstly, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on theoretical and library studies, through theoretical study and referring to specialized reports in this field, various aspects of the implementation of Smart contracts in the insurance industry have been analyzed. In the continuation of the research, using the SWOT matrix, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the impact of Smart contracts on the insurance industry have been evaluated by 30 experts and managers in the insurance field, and the main strategy has been determined. After classifying the existing sub-strategies, the QSPM matrix was used to assign an attractiveness score to each strategy and prioritize them. The results of the SWOT matrix indicate that the best main strategy will be an offensive strategy. Also, the QSPM matrix introduces the hard Smart contract design strategy as the best sub-strategy in the design and use of Smart contract basic technologies in the insurance industry,The purpose of implementing Smart contracts in the insurance industry is to speed up and facilitate insurance processes in addition to increasing security (reducing fraud),All the actors involved in this process, especially the insurer and the insured, can benefit from Smart contracts in their insurance activities.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been developed to improve driving quality and enhance pedestrian safety. One of the services IoV provides is ride-sharing, which allows drivers to share the empty seats in their vehicles with passengers traveling in the same direction. This service leads to reduced fuel consumption, lower air pollution, and decreased traffic congestion, while also being economically beneficial for both vehicle owners and passengers. However, ride-sharing services face significant security threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks, Sybil attacks, and message forgery. This paper aims to enhance the security of ride-sharing services by utilizing blockchain technology and its associated features, including Smart contracts and a consensus algorithm based on proof of service and reputation. The main objective of this paper is to maximize the decentralization of network management to avoid creating a centralized management unit that could become a bottleneck. In summary, the goal is to improve safety and efficiency, reduce security risks, and ensure that all parties fulfill their commitments.

Smart contract service level agreement, Is the amount of commitment between the service provider and the customer in the form of an electronic agreement concluded on the Chinese blockchain. There is no need for intermediaries to operate automatically.The purpose of this paper is to present a Smart contract model of service level agreement to achieve the competitive advantage of digital transformation based on Grounded Theory. This research, based on the data theory of the foundation, was conducted with a qualitative approach and based on the study of literature and background of 44 articles in the period 2017 to 2021 and in-depth interviews with 20 experts.Interview texts were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Maxqda 20 software was used to analyze the data.The method of sampling is snowball, which was obtained by conducting a total of 20 interviews with experts in various fields of information technology management, computer engineering, and saturated marketing management,Blockchain, etc. The present study led to the presentation of a paradigm model as designing a Smart contract model of service level agreement for digital transformation based on Grounded Theory.